Appendix B:Safety standards 53 Appendix B: Safety standards As robots fall under the broad definition of machinery, they are subject to the EU Machinery Directive 2006/42. Where they are intended for the consumer markets, they come under the purview of the General Product Safety Directive 2001/95. The design, manufacture and operation of robots and cobots are within the scope of several layers of International Organization for Standardisation (ISO) Standards and Technical Specifications (TS): ISO 12100:2010 specifies principles of risk assessment and reduction and underlies the standards governing the design of robots. ISO 10218-1:2011 specifies requirements and guidelines for the inherent safe design, protective measures and information for use of industrial robots. It is aimed at the robot manufacturer. Part 1, 5.10 covers collaborative operation requirements, such as a visual indication when the robot is in collaborative operation. It provides for four modes of safe working (Platbrood & Görnemann, 2018): 1. Monitored safe stop - where the robot is stopped while the operator enters the safe space; 2. Manual control - where the robot is manually guided at a safe speed by the operator; 3. Force and power limitation - where contact between the robot is detected and the power and force of those contacts are limited; 4. Distance and speed monitoring - where the robot detects the presence of a person and moves away to avoid contact. ISO 10218-2:2011 specifies safety requirements for the integration of industrial robots and industrial robot systems as defined in ISO 10218-1, and industrial robot cell(s). The integration includes the design, manufacturing, installation, operation, maintenance and decommissioning of the industrial robot system or cell, necessary information for the design, manufacturing, installation, operation, maintenance and decommissioning of the industrial robot system or cell and component devices of the industrial robot system or cell. It is aimed at the robot integrator. The ISO 10218 standards are currently being revised under the regular five-year ISO review cycle, and a new version is expected in May 2021. Recognising the growth of collaborative robot use, many topics and requirements are being discussed, including listing all the relevant safety functions, developing more specific safety requirements for brakes and mobile robots, and cybersecurity (Pilz, 2018). ISO/TS 15066:2016 is a technical specification for collaborative robots. It only applies to cobots in industrial environments, although its principles are relevant to other sectors. This is a specification and not a standard, but will in time be incorporated into ISO 10218. Its main focus is to provide a comprehensive risk assessment guide of all the motions, interactions and operations a robot should perform. Every automated application where humans are present requires this risk assessment, and collaborative applications need a range of safety mechanisms to keep human workers safe. Passive safety features can include fire resistance, manual movement capability, elimination of sharp edges and protrusions, padding, speed restrictions, low inertias of moving parts to limit the effects of collisions and maximum static forces, as well as switch strips mats and vests (Karwowski & Rahimi, 2003). Taking control: robots and risk